Study on Passion Flower and Its Product

Passion flower (Passifloraedulis), also known as passion fruit, egg fruit, belongs to the Passifloraaceae Passiflora perennial evergreen woody vine plants, native to South America, is now widely distributed in the world's tropical and subtropical regions, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia and other countries for the main producing areas, the domestic passion flower is widely cultivated in Jiangsu, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, In China, passion flower is widely cultivated in Jiangsu, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and other warm climate areas. There are seven varieties of passion flower in the plant list, among which yellow-fruited and purple-fruited passion flowers are the most common varieties and have considerable economic value.

With its rich flavor and nutrient-rich ripe fruits, passion flower is often eaten fresh or squeezed into juice, and is known as the “king of juices”. In recent years, passion flower has become popular for its balanced nutritional and health benefits, and other parts of the passion flower have also been exploited. In the United States and European countries, passionflower is used as an ornamental plant in gardens because of its large and beautiful flowers, and its leaves are widely used as sedatives; the rind of the fruit has a high content of polyphenols, fibers and trace elements, and is widely used in the production of wine or tea, cooking dishes, the extraction of pectin and medicinal ingredients, as well as the processing of fodder, and the seeds are edible and rich in proteins and fatty acids (mainly made up of linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids).

As an important cash crop, passion flower has a great potential for development and broad application worldwide, whether it is used for the production of fresh fruits, or as a formulation for food, health care products or pharmaceuticals. In this paper, the research of passion flower at home and abroad in recent years is reviewed in terms of its geographical distribution, yield, main chemical composition, processing and utilization, and the current situation of introduction and cultivation in China as well as the development of the industry, in order to provide reference for the in-depth development and utilization of passion flower.

1 Geographical distribution and production

In the 16th century, the Spaniards discovered passionflower in the American continent, and then it spread rapidly to Europe and other places, and by the end of the 19th century, it had been widely distributed in many tropical and subtropical places in the old and new continents.1 Although the records of Passiflora have existed since 1553, the number of genera and species of Passiflora has always been controversial. According to some published scientific studies, Passifloraceae consists of 18-23 genera and more than 500-700 species [12-14]. Among them, the genus Passiflora has the largest number of species in the Passifloraceae, with about 500 species [15]. Nowadays, passion flower species are distributed all over the world, and about 96% of them are found in America, especially in Brazil and Colombia, with an estimated 150 and 170 species respectively, among which 89 species are endemic to Brazil [16-17].

The purple-fruited passion flower is native to the edge of the tropical rain forest near the Tropic of Capricorn in southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Paraguay. The yellow-fruited passion flower is a mutant of the purple-fruited species, which is believed to have originated in Brazil, while some believe that it is still to be proved, and it has been documented that the yellow-fruited passion flower was introduced to Hawaii from Australia, and it developed rapidly in the local area [18].

The yellow-fruited passion flower is more suitable to grow in the low elevation areas of the tropics, and also suitable for the warmer subtropical areas, with a weaker cold hardiness than the purple-fruited species, and a stronger disease resistance than the purple-fruited species. The purple-fruited passion flower is one of the most cold-tolerant species of passion flower, growing abundantly at an altitude of 600 to 2,000 m and a precipitation of 706 to 1,270 mm, and it is suitable for the cool tropical mountainous areas or close to the mountainous areas as well as the subtropical areas with high altitude and less warmth and heat［18-19］. The yield of yellow-fruited species is as high as 50 t/hm2 , while the yield of purple-fruited passion flower is relatively low, 10-15 t/hm2 [20].

According to the report of FAO, from 2015 to 2017, the global production of passion fruit reached 1.5 million tons on average [21], and Brazil is the main producer, accounting for about 65% of the global production, followed by Colombia and Indonesia, and at the same time, Brazil is the world's largest consumer of passion fruit, and it is difficult to meet the demand for domestic supply. In terms of international suppliers, Ecuador is the largest exporter, followed by Australia and New Zealand. By the end of 2020, the total annual production of passion fruit in China reached 883,900 tons, and the international trade is dominated by the import of fruit juice [18].

2 Chemical composition and nutritional value

Nutritional composition of purple fruit species and yellow fruit juice is shown in Table 1. The protein content of passion fruit is low, especially the purple fruit species. Some studies have shown that the protein content of the pericarp and pulp of purple-fruited passion flower is similar, with 64.7～75 mg/g DW and 65.3～77 mg/g DW respectively, and the highest content in the seeds is 122～132 mg/g DW, which is comparable to that of other seeds, such as maize and oats［22］.

However, the amino acid content is rich, and some scholars have measured that the total amino acid content per 100 g of fresh fruit of Zingiber officinale is 1,269.35 mg, higher than that of dragon fruit and kiwifruit, and the essential amino acid content is 296.54 mg, which accounts for 23.36% of the total amount of amino acid and is higher than that of loquat and peach［18,23].

From Table 1, it can be seen that the content of carbohydrates and soluble sugars in the lotus is second only to water, and a small amount of branched-chain starch exists in its carbohydrates [24], and the soluble sugars are mainly composed of glucose, fructose and sucrose, and the sugar content of fruits of different varieties and planting areas are different in terms of type and proportion, and also affected by the stage of ripening of the fruits, the growth conditions and the environment [25].

 In terms of minerals, except for the differences in the elemental contents of P and Fe, the contents of the other elements were the same between the purple and yellow fruit species. Passiflora fruit pulp or juice is a natural source of vitamin C. The content of vitamin C in purple fruit passionfruit juice is higher than that in yellow fruit, and compared with other vitamin C-rich fruits such as oranges and kiwi peaches, a large amount of riboflavin and nicotinic acid also exists in passionfruit [26-27].

3 Processing and utilization

Passiflora fruits can be processed and utilized from the inside to the outside, and the sweetness of yellow fruits is better than that of purple fruits, which is highly accepted by the public and is mainly eaten fresh. The purple fruit taste sour, most people are difficult to accept, the price is also cheaper, is now used in processing and utilization, can save costs. The pulp can be eaten directly or used as a seasoning for salads, ice cream and other fruits, and other culinary uses include the production of fruit juice, liqueur, yogurt, jam, jelly and preserved fruits, etc. [19].

3.1 Juice

Passion fruit juice is rich in nutrients, unique flavor, special taste, is a high-quality food processing raw materials. Passionfruit juice is often added to other fruit juices to enhance the aroma, but because of its high acidity, need to add sugar processing into a composite product to have a better edible. At present, passion fruit juice is mainly used for processing into fruit juice compound drinks, fruit wine, fruit vinegar, dried fruit and so on. Ren Erfang et al. believe that the quality of dried fruit produced by adding 30% passion fruit juice is better.

A study reported that by adding to the passion fruit juice such as papaya [28], pomelo [29], pomegranate pineapple [30] and other fruit juices in the appropriate process conditions to obtain a composite beverage color uniformity, fruit aroma and coordination, sweet and sour and palatable. Production of passion fruit juice of two important links are stabilization and sterilization treatment. Yang Yang et al [31] used spatial-time extinction mapping technology to determine the effect of different stabilizers on the stability of passionfruit juice, and found that the optimal additive ratios of the compound were 0.35% CMC-Na+0.15% agar and 0.30% CMC-Na+0.20% agar, which had the lowest settling rate and high stability of the juice. Zhu Xianghao et al [32] used ultra-high pressure to sterilize the fruit juice of passion fruit, which had a better sterilizing effect compared with pasteurization and extended the shelf-life of 27 d. In addition, some merchants are launching the newest product of passion fruit juice, which is the first one in the world, which is the first one in the world.

In addition, some merchants are launching Chinese medicines such as wolfberry, peony and other preparation of passion fruit tea [33], not only the aroma is suitable, taste refreshing, but also has to replenish vitamins, enhance immunity, nourish the skin, anti-fatigue and other functions, loved by the people.

3.2 Seeds

The fruit of Lotus corniculatus contains about 160 seeds, the mass of which accounts for about 10% of the fruit weight. The seeds are the most protein (13.2% of DW) and lipid (14.9% of DW) rich part of the fruit of the passion flower, and contain dietary fiber similar to that of the fruit skin, with fibrillin accounting for 521 mg/g DW, and hemicellulose and lignin with lower contents of 24 and 22 mg/g DW, respectively, which means that the dietary fibers present in the seeds are mainly insoluble [34]. The intake of insoluble dietary fiber can prevent constipation and hemorrhoids, and is beneficial to weight management and intestinal health [22].

Passion flower seed oil contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, of which linoleic acid is the main unsaturated fatty acid, containing 69.3%, in addition to oleic acid (14.4%), palmitic acid (10.1%), and stearic acid (2.9%), which not only helps the body to remove free radicals, delay aging, but also promotes the absorption of a variety of vitamins [35]. At present, the development and utilization of passion flower seeds mainly focus on the extraction and processing of seed oil, the development of supercritical extraction and microwave extraction method has increased the oil yield from the seeds, and the extracted seed oil is more antioxidant, with a free radical removal rate of more than 80%, which can be used in cooking and the development of whitening and anti-wrinkle efficacy of the tea cream and other functional products.

3.3 Peel

The skin of the fruit of the lotus accounts for about 51% of the wet weight of the fruit and is the main waste of processing. With the development of economy and people's awareness of environmental protection, passion fruit peel has been used in industry. Passion fruit rind has the highest fiber content, accounting for 61.7% of the dry weight. The second is pectin, and it was found that the highest pectin content was 337 mg/g DW in the yellow fruit rind and 329 mg/g DW in the purple fruit [36].

Some studies have shown that the amount of extracted pectin is closely related to the extraction method [34, 37]. The pectin extracted from the pericarp after optimization of the method showed similar quality to that of commercial pectin, with good gel-forming ability, high gel stability, good quality in acidic environment, and two times higher viscosity［38］. Pectin is used as a nutrient fiber delivery, gelling agent, food coating and stabilizer in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, especially in the production of candies, jellies and other products [39].

Therefore, passion fruit peels can be used for the development of new fiber-rich health foods and as a potential alternative source of commercial pectin for incorporation into different food formulations [38]. GABA, which is associated with antihypertensive activity, was also detected in the methanolic extract of passion fruit rind in high concentrations (2.4-4.4 mg/g DW), and was associated with a decrease in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats [40]. It has been reported that the pericarp of the purple fruit also contains carotenoids and anthocyanin-3 glucosides. In conclusion, the skin of the fruit is a widely used functional food raw material, which can be used as a source of pectin and pharmaceutical ingredients, or added to animal feed [4].

4 Post-harvest preservation technology

Due to vigorous physiological metabolism, passion fruit after harvesting water loss is severe, the quality will deteriorate rapidly, the shelf life is very short. The respiratory peak occurs in the third d of postharvest storage, and the appearance and quality of the fruit begin to decline［41-42］. Teng Jing et al. showed that HDPE film (high-density polyethylene) packaging of passion fruit had better storage effect than carton, foam box, LDPE film (low-density polyethylene), aluminum foil and PVDC film (polyvinylidene chloride) [42]. Chen et al. showed that high oxygen (90%) air-conditioned packaging could effectively inhibit the respiration and peeling of passion fruit, maintain vitamin C and solubility, increase the total phenolic content of passion fruit, and improve the quality of passion fruit after picking［43］.

Chen Lifeng et al. showed that when the fruit of passion fruit was stored at 6℃ and 8℃ for 28 d, the good fruit rate could reach more than 90% [44]. Meng Xiangchun et al. showed that 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-treated fruits stored at room temperature for 4 d delayed the yellowing of the fruit surface, and the flavor was close to that of the freshly picked fruits stored at room temperature for 2 d [45]. Zhong Zhiwei found that microporous packaging (MP) combined with chitosan coating (CH) could effectively reduce water loss, inhibit microbial growth, inhibit fruit weight loss, effectively improve antioxidant level, reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and delay the degradation of original pectin, cellulose and hemifibrillin, and extend the shelf-life of peperomia fruit from 3 to 12 d at ambient storage [46]. The shelf life of passion fruit was extended from 3 d to 12 d at room temperature［46］. Luo Donglan et al. found that the combined treatment of melatonin and 1MCP was more effective than single treatment in delaying fruit aging and maintaining fruit quality during the storage period of passion fruit [47].

5 Cultivation status and industrial development

Cultivation of passion flower in China has a history of 100 years, dating back to 1901 [48], although it was introduced earlier, but the development of domestic passion flower industry is relatively late. According to incomplete statistics, in 2007, the total area of passion flower cultivation in China (excluding Taiwan Province) was about 2,300 hm2, among which: Guangxi 800 hm2, Chongqing 730 hm2, Yunnan 330 hm2, Guangdong 200 hm2, Fujian 100 hm2, Hainan 70 hm2, and the rest of the country cultivated sporadically with about 100 hm2［8］. By the end of 2017, the cultivation area of Fujian passion flower was nearly 7,000 hm2, and the cultivation area of Fujian was about 1,000 hm2. At the end of 2017, the cultivated area of Fujian passion flower was nearly 7,000 hm2 , and the cultivated area was 2 times longer than that of last year［ 49］.

By the end of 2018, the cultivated area of passion flower in Guangxi amounted to 23,534 hm2, and the output amounted to 22.0 million t, the cultivated area and output were the first in China, followed by Fujian and Guangdong, the cultivated area of passion flower was about 10,000 and 6,500 hm2 respectively, and the annual output amounted to 20 and 125,000 t respectively [50-51]. Yunnan ranks fourth, with a cultivated area of 3,000 hm2 and an output of 48,000 tons. The cultivated area of passion flower in Hainan Province is about 333.33 hm2, and the winter market is in the shortage season of passion flower in Guangxi and Fujian provinces and regions [52]. In 2019, the cultivated area of passion flower in Guangxi exceeds 20,000 hm2 [50]. Guizhou passion flower large-scale, commercialization planting began in 2016, the orchard area from 4,700 hm2 in 2019 to 11,200 hm2 in 2020, the planting scale jumped to the third in the country, only after Guangxi and Fujian [ 53 ].

In recent years, thanks to the development of the Internet + e-commerce platform and national policy support, the domestic passion flower industry development is accelerating, the emergence of large-scale commercial planting, Yunnan, as the domestic passion flower planting conditions in the best areas, but also planting the passion flower of the province with significant benefits, Dehong, Xishuangbanna, Honghe, Lincang, Yuxi, Wenshan and other areas will be the passion flower as a precise poverty reduction of the development of the industry focus. By the end of 2020, Dehong prefecture will have developed a total planting area of 3,800 hm2 [54]. By the end of 2020, China's passion flower planting area and total output will be 73,000 hm2 and 883,900 t respectively, with an increase of 21% compared with that of 2019, and the total annual output value will be 8.09 billion yuan in 2020, which is doubled compared with that of the previous year.

With the expanding market demand, the cultivated area of passion flower in China has increased greatly, and the annual cultivated area of passion flower will grow at a rate of more than 20% from 2019 to 2021 [18], and the main varieties are Tainong No. 1, Zixiang No. 1, Mantianxing and Huangjin passion flower [55]. Because of the short growth cycle, long fruiting period, mountainous areas can be planted characteristics, in recent years by many counties and districts have been preferred as a project of poverty alleviation, and is now one of the important fruit industry of rural revitalization in the provinces of the domestic hot and sub-hot zones. Guizhou, Guangxi and other places “company + cooperative + base + farmers” and other passion flower industry model to help poor households to transfer land in the form of shares, in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization has achieved good results.

In addition to our country, in the past 10 years, the passion flower industry in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, the Philippines and other countries is also heating up rapidly, especially in Vietnam, which has developed into the largest passion flower producing area in Southeast Asia, although the management is rough, but the industrial chain is more mature, and large-scale fruit juice processing exports have been formed [56]. At present, 90% of our imported passion fruit juice comes from Vietnam, and the domestic demand for passion fruit juice is still in a state of oversupply. Generally speaking, the factors that seriously restrict the development of passion flower industry in China are mainly as follows: lack of self-developed superior varieties suitable for the local area; unsound seedling breeding system, unstandardized seedling sales market; insufficient investment in science and technology, backward supporting technology for industrial development; low comprehensive utilization rate of the product, insufficient deep processing capacity [57-59].

6 Prospect

At present, China's passion flower industry has begun to take shape, but to long-term development, the government's policy guidance, financial support, input of scientific research projects, deep-processing enterprises have an important role in technical support. Suggestions are as follows: 1) strengthen the collection and utilization of passion flower germplasm resources at the beginning of the industrial chain, selecting excellent varieties; 2) establish a virus-free healthy seedling breeding system; 3) establish a standardized cultivation technology system to achieve high efficiency and productivity. In addition, in order to avoid stagnant sales and increase the value-added, but also to strengthen the post-production processing research and development, the development of deep-processed products, to extend the industrial chain, to create a brand effect. Passionfruit as a fruit industry in the “short and quick” project, has become an important hand of the government to help farmers out of poverty, it is recommended to speed up the promotion of China's passionfruit whole industry chain development, for rural revitalization to make a greater contribution.

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